Asselin, Michele. “The Other Mothers of Manhattan (Podcast Interactive).” New York Times (Archive) (NY), July 13, 2012. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/07/13/magazine/15nannies-storybook.html.

Austerlitz, Paul. “From Transplant to Transnational Circuit: Merengue in New York.” In Island Sounds in the Global City: Caribbean Popular Music and Identity in New York, edited by Ray Allen and Lois Wilcken. I.S.A.M. Special Publications 4. Folklore Society, 1998. https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.commons.gc.cuny.edu/wp-content/blogs.dir/44125/files/2026/02/Austerlitz.pdf.

Batalova, Jeanne, and Brandon Marrow. “Immigrants from the Dominican Republic in the United States.” Migrationpolicy.Org, August 12, 2024. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/dominican-immigrants-united-states.

Batalova, Jeanne, and Allison Rutland. “Caribbean Immigrants in the United States.” Migrationpolicy.Org, November 12, 2025. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/caribbean-immigrants-united-states.

BLACKSTAR MIX. Hip Hop DNA Breaking Down the Caribbeans Impact On The Culture. 2023. 25:28. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixoJo8PaiSk.

Bobrow, Emily. “For Nannies, Both a Job and a Family Can Abruptly Disappear.” Parenting. The New York Times, June 29, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/29/parenting/nannies-job-virus.html.

Boyce Davies, Carole. Caribbean Spaces: Escapes from Twilight Zone. University of Illinois Press, 2013. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3414315.

Brown, Tammy L. City of Islands: Caribbean Intellectuals in New York. University Press of Mississippi, 2015. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4397136.

Chelan Fresh. The American Dream | Jamaican Workers. 2017. 06:34. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ziBm4plunq4.

Cossé Bell, Caryn. “Haitian Immigration to Louisiana in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.” In Motion: The African-American Migration Experience (AAME) by the New York Public Library, 2005. https://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/landing.cfm@migration=5.html.

Council on Hemispheric Affairs. “Disparities in U.S. Immigration Policy toward Haiti and Cuba: A Legacy to Be Continued?” COHA, June 24, 2010. https://coha.org/disparities-in-u-s-immigration-policy-toward-haiti-and-cuba-a-legacy-to-be-continued/.

Davis, Damani. “Genealogy Notes: Ancestors from the West Indies.” Prologue Magazine (Washington, D.C.), 2013. https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2013/fall-winter/west-indies.pdf.

Doig-Acuña, Maya. “As Brooklyn Continues Changing, a Reflection on Crown Heights’ Panamanian Community.” Culture. Remezcla, October 22, 2018. https://remezcla.com/features/culture/as-brooklyn-continues-changing-a-reflection-on-crown-heights-panamanian-community/.

Elisabeth Farkas. 2015. “West Indians in Flatbush.” Macaulay CUNY Honors College Project. https://eportfolios.macaulay.cuny.edu/moses2015/2015/05/12/west-indians-in-flatbush/.

Foner, Nancy. Islands in the City: West Indian Migration to New York. University of California Press, 2001. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/reader.action?docID=224255&ppg=10&c=UERG

Gjelten, Tom. “The Immigration Act That Inadvertently Changed America.” Atlantic Online by Nexis Uni, October 2, 2015. https://advance-lexis-com.brooklyn.ezproxy.cuny.edu/document/index?crid=0614789b-b3f3-4084-8482-1a99bf581a6e&pdpermalink=77e0fbd8-c346-420c-a201-a706a56fb74d&pdmfid=1519360&pdisurlapi=true.

Guilamo, Daly. “Gagá Pa’l Pueblo: A Critical Afro Dominican Celebration in New York City.” Journal of Pan African Studies 9, no. 10 (2016): 31–44. 120566745. https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=bc6e09ce-aaa3-3dbc-9427-0b17840b0e5f.

Hahamovitch, Cindy. “Stir It Up” Jamaican Guest Workers in the Promised Land. Princeton University Press, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb31506.0001.001.

HISTORY. U.S. Immigration Since 1965 | History. 2017. 03:21. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZBSZwde070c.

Iqbal, Zainab. “Flatbush Is Finally Designated As ‘Little Haiti’ Business And Cultural District.” Bklyner, July 3, 2018. https://bklyner.com/flatbush-little-haiti-finally/.

Jaikaran, Elisabeth. “The Indo-Caribbean Experience: Now and Then | HuffPost Women.” Huffington Post, December 14, 2015. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-indocaribbean-experie_b_8799132?guccounter=1.

Kasinitz, Phillip. “New York Equalize You?” Change and Continuity.” |  Brooklyn’s Labor Day Carnival 1.” In Carnival: Culture in Action – the Trinidad Experience. ed. Riggio, Milla Cozart. Taylor & Francis Group, 2004. https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203646045-26.

Madera, Jose. Gaga Pa’l Pueblo. 2012. 02:54. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Mt1d0dj8gw.

LaRotta, Alex. “Hip-Hop’s Black Caribbean Roots.” History. TIME | Made by History, November 6, 2023. https://time.com/6328945/hip-hop-caribbean-history/.

Levitt, Peggy. “Transnational Migrants: When ‘Home’ Means More Than One Country.” Migrationpolicy.Org, October 1, 2004. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/transnational-migrants-when-home-means-more-one-country.

Lieffers, Caroline. “How the Panama Canal Took a Huge Toll On the Contract Workers Who Built It.” History, World History, , U.S. History, , Articles. Smithsonian Magazine, 2018. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-panama-canal-took-huge-toll-on-contract-workers-who-built-it-180968822/.

Meeks, Brian, Folke Lindahl, and Norman Girvan, eds. “Re-Interpreting the Caribbean.” In New Caribbean Thought: A Reader. University of the West Indies Press, 2001. https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.commons.gc.cuny.edu/wp-content/blogs.dir/44125/files/2026/05/Norman-Girvan-Reinterpreting-the-Caribbean-2001.pdf.

Mose, Tamara R. Raising Brooklyn: Nannies, Childcare, and Caribbeans Creating Community. New York University Press, 2011. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=865359.

MPmision. West Indians In Panama. 2012. 03:33. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7WF4dfsG0Q.

Napoli, Thomas. An Economic Snapshot of Washington Heights and Inwood. Official No. 2. Economic Reports from NY State Comptroller. New York (N.Y.), 2015. https://www.osc.state.ny.us/osdc/rpt2-2016.pdf.

News 12. The Sights and Sounds of Panama on Full Display at Pre-Independence Day Parade in Crown Heights. 2022. 02:22. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lPy2z9pYhww.

O’Reilly, Anthony. “‘A GROWING FORCE.’” Queens Chronicle, June 23, 2016. https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/a-growing-force/article_29f07e06-9407-52e1-b631-da22f086feae.html.

Parascandola, Louis J. “Selections.” In Look for Me All around You: Anglophone Caribbean Immigrants in the Harlem Renaissance. African American Life Series. Wayne State University Press, 2005. https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.commons.gc.cuny.edu/wp-content/blogs.dir/44125/files/2026/02/Parascandola-Introduction-Schomburg-Claude-McKay-and-poems.pdf.

Press, Associated. “Obama Ends ‘wet Foot, Dry Foot’ Policy for Cuban Immigrants.” World News. The Guardian, January 12, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/12/obama-ends-cuba-immigration-policy-wet-foot-dry-foot.

Regolado, Pedro A. “‘Bodegas and Colmados: Dominican Vernacular Space in Washington Heights.’” The Gotham Center for New York City History, May 10, 2016. https://www.gothamcenter.org/blog/bodegas-and-colmados-dominican-vernacular-space-in-washington-heights.

Robert McNamara. “A Rebellion by Enslaved People in Haiti Doubled the Size of the U.S.” ThoughtCo. ThoughtCo, May 8, 2025. https://www.thoughtco.com/haitis-slave-rebellion-1773600.

Rodriguez, Clara E., Joseph Monserrat, Michael Lapp, and Gilbert Marzan. Puerto Ricans: Immigrants and Migrants, a Historical Perspective. Portfolio Project, 1990. https://americansall.org/sites/default/files/resources/pdf/ethnic-and-cultural/9.9_Puerto_Ricans_Immigrants_and_Migrants.pdf

Rogers, Reuel. “‘Black Like Who?’ Afro-Caribbean Immigrants, African Americans and the Politics of Group Identity.” In Islands in the City: West Indian Migration to New York, edited by Nancy Foner. University of California Press, 2001. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/brooklyn-ebooks/reader.action?docID=224255&ppg=172&c=UERG

Root, Tik. “Apple Pickers of Jamaica (Not the One in Queens): A Visa Program Has Allowed New York Orchards to Import Labor from the Island Nation.” The New York Times (New York, N.Y), 2017. https://search.proquest.com/docview/2463473905?pq-origsite=primo&accountid=7286.

Schiller, Nina Glick, Linda Basch, and Cristina Szanton Blanc. “From Immigrant to Transmigrant: Theorizing Transnational Migration.” Anthropological Quarterly 68, no. 1 (1995): 48–63. https://doi.org/10.2307/3317464.

Teng, Poh Si. “Video: Little Guyana in Queens.” New York. The New York Times, June 8, 2013. https://www.nytimes.com/video/nyregion/100000002266992/little-guyana-in-queens.html.

“The 2015 Puerto Rican Day Parade Honors Arturo Schomburg – YouTube.” Accessed May 21, 2026. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=angdbBG-GMQ.

thepostarchive. Claude McKay Reads Aloud His Poems – Thepostarchive. 2016. 03:13. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_xpilVoWuo.

UFCWCanada. MIgrant Workers Left Unpaid at Ontario, Canada  Farm. 2010. 03:17. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y8_m_CmnUW4.

Van Leeuwen, David. “Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association, The Twentieth Century, Divining America: Religion in American History.” TeacherServe, National Humanities Center, 2000. https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/twenty/tkeyinfo/garvey.htm.

Zagare, Liena. “Little Caribbean v Little Haiti – Not So Simple To Designate A Cultural Area In Flatbush.” Bklyner, September 28, 2017. https://bklyner.com/little-caribbean-v-little-haiti-not-so-simple-to-brand-flatbush/.

Zebich-Knos, Michele. “Cubans, ¡Si!; Haitians, ¡No!: U.S. Immigration Policy, Cultural Politics, and Immigrant Eligibility.” Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective 2, no. 1 (2010). https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jgi/vol2/iss1/4.